Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984 (Law of Evidence)

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SECTIONS:
1. Short title, extent and commencement.
2. Interpretation.
3. Who may testify.
4. Judges and Magistrates.
5. Communications during marriage.
6. Evidence as to affairs of State.
7. Official communications.
8. Information as to commission of offences.
9. Professional communications.
10. Article 9 to apply to interpreters, etc.
11. Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence.
12. Confidential communications with legal advisers.
13. Production of title deed of witness, not a party.
14. Production of documents which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce.
15. Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate.
16. Accomplice.
17. Competence and number of witnesses.
18. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts.
19. Relevancy of facts forming part of some transaction.
20. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue.
21. Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct.
22. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts.
23. Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design.
24. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant
25. In suits for damages facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant.
26. Facts relevant when right or custom is in question.
27. Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body, or bodily feeling.
28. Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional.
29. Existence of course of business when relevant.
30. Admission defined
31. Admission by party to proceeding or his agent, etc.
32. Admission by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit.
33. Admission by persons expressly referred to by party to suit.
34. Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf.
35. When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant.
36. Admissions in civil cases when relevant.
37. Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding.
38. Confession to police-officer not to be proved.
39. Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him.
40. How much of information received from accused may be proved.
41. Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant.
42. Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc.
43. Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence.
44. Accused persons to be liable to cross-examination.
45. Admission not conclusive proof but may estop.
46. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant.
46 A. Relevance of information generated, received or recorded by automated information system.
47. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving in subsequent proceeding the truth of facts therein stated.
48. Entries in books of account when relevent.
49. Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty.
50. Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans.
51. Relevancy of statements as to fact of public nature, contained in certain Acts or notifications.
52. Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books.
53. What evidence to be given when statement froms part of a conversation, document, book or series of letters or papers.
54. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial.
55. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction.
56. Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in Article 55.
57. Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in Articles 54 to 56, when relevant.
58. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or Incompetency of Court, may be proved.
59. Opinions of experts.
60. Facts bearing upon opinions of experts.
61. Opinion as to hand-writing when relevant.
62. Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant.
63. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant.
64. Opinion on relationship when relevant.
65. Grounds of opinion when relevant.
66. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed irrelevant.
67. In criminal cases previous good character relevant.
68. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply.
69. Character as affecting damages.
70. Proof of facts by oral evidence.
71. Oral evidence must be direct.
72. Proof of contents of documents.
73. Primary evidence.
74. Secondary evidence.
75. Proof of documents by primary evidence.
76. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
77. Rules as to notice to produce.
78. Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced
79. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested.
80. Proof where no attesting witness found.
81. Admission of execution by party to attested document.
82. Proof when attesting witness denies the execution.
83. Proof of document not required by law to be attested.
84. Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved
85. Public documents.
86. Private documents.
87. Certified copies of public documents.
88. Proof of documents by production of certified copies.
89. Proof of other public documents.
90. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies.
91. Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence.
92. Presumption as to genuineness of documents kept under any law.
93. Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government.
94. Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decision.
95. Presumption as to powers-or-attorney.
96. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records.
97. Presumption as to books, maps and charts.
98. Presumption as to telegraphic messages.
99. Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced.
100. Presumption as to documents thirty years old.
101. Certified copies of documents thirty years old.
102. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other disposition of porperty reduced to form of document.
103. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement.
104. Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts.
105. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts.
106. Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons.
107. Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts to neither of which the whole correctly applies.
108. Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.
109. Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document.
110. Saving of provisions of Succession Act relating to wills.
111. Facts judicially noticeable need not be proved.
112. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice.
113. Facts admitted need not be proved.
114. Estoppel.
115. Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession.
116. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee.
117. Burden of proof.
118. On whom burden of proof lies.
119. Burden of proof as to particular fact.
120. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible.
121. Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions.
122. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge.
123. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive with thirty years.
124. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years.
125. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent.
126. Burden of proof as to ownership.
127. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence.
128. Birth during marriage conclusive proof of legitimacy.
129. Court may presume existence of certain facts.
130. Order of production and examination of witnesses.
131. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence.
132. Examination-in-chief, etc.
133. Order of examinations.
134. Cross-examination of person called to produce a document.
135. Witnesses to character.
136. Leading questions.
137. When leading questions must not be asked.
138. When leading questions may be asked.
139. Evidence as to matters in writing.
140. Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing.
141. Questions lawful in cross-examination.
142. When witness to be compelled to answer.
143. Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer.
144. Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds.
145. Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds.
146. Indecent and scandalous question.
147. Procedure of Court in cases of defamation, , libel and slander.
148. Questions intended to insult or annoy.
149. Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity.
150. Question by party to his own witness.
151. Impeaching credit of witness.
152. Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact admissible.
153. Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact.
154. What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under Article 46 or 47.
155. Refreshing memory.
156. Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in Article 155.
157. Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory.
158. Production of documents.
159. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice.
160. Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice.
161. Judge's power to put questions or order production.
162. No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence.
163. Acceptance or denial of claim on oath.
164. Production of evidence that has become available because of modern devices, etc.
165. Order to override other laws.
166. Repeal.







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